African Traditional Literature Essay Example for Free

African Traditional Literature EssayIndigenous literary works whether oral or written is the cultural heritage of most societies. Unfortunately, African traditional books overtime has been treated as something inferior to their Western counterparts. that to a large extent, both traditional African literature and their European counterparts have similar socio-artistic values. Both express interest in the events happening in their society because they recognize their role as social barometer, hence, they need to express themselves properly to their audience no matter the language they use.African traditional literature shares a lot with similar literature from other parts of the world. More recent studies have indeed revealed that the old view that rural societies are not capable of producing svelte literature expressing the responses of men in an advanced culture to events around them is no longer tenable. This view was upheld by Westerners who studied traditional African lit erature with racial prejudice. They believed that African culture was still struggling for elementary problem of existence and was yet to attain the level of civilization that will quicken the pursuit of literary achievement.But this view was met with a lot of controversial criticisms, as African Scholars began to argue the importance of African traditional literature in the literary world, stressing the fact that traditional literature is not only relevant, but should also be accorded a literary status in the literary world. Their reasons creation that African literature perform certain functions in the society the noticeable variety in the existing genre and the competent evidence in the elegant use of language exhibited in the cause of performance with the resultant aesthetic effect, and with time, African traditional literature began to be reliable.But it was not wholly accepted by these Europeans. They began to lease their foreign concepts in the critical evaluation of Afri can traditional literature. They believed that Africans do not possess adequate tools for the appraisal and evaluation of their literature. Hence, they began to employ these foreign approaches in the study of African traditional literature.

The Shoe-Horn Sonata Essay Example for Free

The Shoe-Horn Sonata EssayJohn Misto, the person behind the process The Shoe-Horn Sonata, uses his distinctively visual text as a memorial for the Australian soldiery nurses who died in the warf atomic number 18, as they were refused one by the government. I do not form the power to build a memorial. So I wrote a play instead. This drama illustrates the way the women were treated in the Japanese prisoner of war camps, during World War II through the two main characters Bridie an Australian the States nurse and Sheila an English woman. The different dramatic proficiencys used in this play aid in the manipulation of the audiences emotions and sway the preconceptions of the group.Misto utilises projected images and the affectional dialogue to create a vivid image in the lookers mind that is both distinctively visual and evokes emotions from the audience. Misto is not the only fountain to have used this technique in his work, John Schumanns I Was Only 19 is a song that li kewise features distinctively visual elements throughout the song. This text explores the conditions of the Vietnam war and the effect it has afterwards on someone as young as nineteen and has a similar purpose to Mistos, to expose the disgustful conditions of war and the effect it had and is still having on them today.Schumann uses intense emotive language to influence the listeners opinion on war and draw care to the conditions prisoners of war face. The Shoe-Horn Sonata digs deep into the readers mind and challenges their thoughts on the way they perceive in beneficialices been done to the memory of the nurses, and of the thousands of other women and children who suffered with them. Misto is able to do this by projecting images onto a screen in the background. Projected onto the screen is a photograph of row upon row of captured British and Australian women bowing to the Japanese. These images contribute to the creation of a physical, distinctively visual element in the drama. T he confronting images shown forces the audience to reconsider their understanding of the prisoner of war camps in Japan. The audience begins to visualise the conditions the women faced and this leaves an impact on the lulu. through and through this, Misto is able to convey his message to his audience through the distinctively visual images, not only projected on the screen, but shaped in the viewer mind.Although Misto only intended to expose the injustices that had been done to the womens memory, he has revealed the effect the war had on them and the aftermath of the camps. Misto brings to light the influence the camps had on the women involved in the war. She stole every sheet and towel in her room once she found out the Japanese own this place. In this quote it is obvious that the women have still not recovered from the traumatic experience in the camp and still feel livid towards the Japanese.The distinctively visual dialogue is enough for the viewer to visualise the yett tak ing place. The fact that the prisoners of war still feel resentment towards the Japanese suggests to the audience that the things they went through must have been worse than the respondent originally assumed. The distinctively visual scene allows Misto to manipulate his audiences thinking, this emphasises the injustices that have been done to the womens memory as the audience begins to realise the damage done to the women, mentally.The Shoe-Horn Sonata continues to booking the audiences preconceptions of the prisoner of war camps in Japan by using stage directions as a medium for further exposing the effect the war had on its prisoners in Japan. The final scene Bride and Sheila finally feel free after over fifty eld. Bridie and Sheila are confidently dancing and the theatre is make full with Srauss music. It is the music of joy and triumph and survival. As the two are dancing, triumphant music begins to play emphasising in the viewers mind that after all the years of fear and u ncertainty, they finally feel free and confident again.The distinctively visual dancing reinforces the idea that they are free and dancing is a way of expressing your freedom. Misto was even able to, in his stage directions convey the dramas purpose through distinctively visual elements. John Schumanns I Was Only 19 is abundant with different examples of how the distinctively visual conveys the authors purpose. Schumann uses strong emotive language to produce a distinctively visual image in the readers mind. And the Anzac legends didnt mention mud and blood and tears, the egative connotations attached to the words mud, blood, and tears phone lines with the idea of the Anzac legends, which has a positive connotations. These ideas contrast forcing the reader to reassess their thoughts on the Anzac legends and how they alter the Anzacs during and after the war. The emotive words create a distinctively visual image in the readers mind as they visualise the mud-covered jungles of Vietn am and the pain (blood) and suffering (tears) the Anzacs went through.Schumann is able to form a distinctively visual image using only strong emotive language, and he uses this technique to convey the purpose of his song. I Was Only 19 includes many more examples of how Schumann uses distinctively visual language to convey his message. And night times just a jungle dark and a barking M16? The emotive word dark creates a distinctively visual image of a dark, dangerous jungle which also incorporates an almost life-like sound of an M16 firing in the background. This image is formed from the powerful emotion in the language and the imagery it creates.As the viewer pictures the dark jungle, they are confronted with the idea that an actual person had fallen into that unfortunate situation and this is what Schumann needinesss his readers to reflect on, the idea that someone had to experience those conditions for years. Schumann is hopefully able to evoke sympathy in the reader for the sol diers that were in Vietnam. The distinctively visual imagery aids in the creation of this process. John Misto and John Schumann both have a message they want to get out to the world.They may be similar but they both are just as important as the other. These composers are trained in using language and dramatic techniques to manipulate the audiences emotions and persuading them to think what they wanted them to think, which in this case, is to spread the story of the women nurses in prisoner of war camps and how this affected them and the Vietnam veterans, including their mental and physical diseases. They have successfully done this, using distinctively visual elements in their texts.

SWOT Analysis of Dominos Pizza in India

SWOT Analysis of dominoes pizza pie pie in IndiaThe case described below is about dominoes Pizza and its position in the mart by analyzing it done different framework of analysis like the SWOT and the PORTERS FIVE FORCES.Dominos is one of the leading pizza makers whole everywhere the world and is acquiring a very good position in the market b atomic number 18ly is cladding a very tough competition from its principal(prenominal) competitor pizza hut which is fall apart than it in a no of things due to which it captures a study sh ar of market.Using the low price dodge it is growing in the market and lucubrateing its business every last(predicate) oer the world but still it has to work on a no of things in array to come up to the expectation of the nodes.CONTENTSINTRODUCTIONDominos Pizza currently operates in more(prenominal)(prenominal) than 60 countries across the globe. It owns a well-knitted network of some(prenominal) high society owned as well as franchise stor es worldwide. It is one of the leading and about popular pizza delivery companies in the USA. The 8773 global outlets are spread across all the USAs states and the 60 countries of the world. Currently about 10,500 pile are employed at the Dominos pizza. Dominos Pizza India Ltd. was incorporated in March 1995 as the master franchisee for India and Nepal, of Dominos Pizza International Inc., of USA. Moreover, the company holds the master franchisee rights for Sri Lanka and Bangladesh through its wholly owned subsidiary. Mr.Shyam S. Bhartia and Mr. Hari S. Bhartia of the Jubilant Organosys Group were the promoters of the company. (Kaul, n.d.)Since inception, Dominos Pizza India Ltd. has proceeded to suit one of the largest and card-playingest growing international food for thought chains in South Asia. The archetypical Dominos Pizza store in India heart-to-heart in January 1996, at New Delhi. Today, Dominos Pizza India has grown into a countrywide network around 250 outlets in 4 9 cities and is the leader in the fast-flying food delivery segment.Ever since it was established, Dominos Pizza India has brinytained its position of market leadership with its constant product innovation and maintenance of stringent operate standards. In the year 1973, dominoes began a guarantee scheme that its pizzas would be delivered in 30 transactions or less of influenceing failing which the guest would receive the pizza bare. So it has established a reputation for being a home delivery specialist cap fit of delivering its pizzas within 30 minutes to its community of loyal customers from its entire chain of stores around the country. Customers can order their pizzas by calling the countrywide Happiness Hotline 1800-111-123 and 44448888 which is valid only for NCR, Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore. (Patel, 2010)WHY dominos PIZZA?Dominos mission is focused on Exceptional people on a mission to be the best pizza delivery company in the worldDominos is committed to bringin g fun and excitement to the lives of our customers by delivering delicious pizzas to their doorstep in 30 minutes or less, and all its strategies are aimed at fulfilling this commitment towards its large and ever-growing customer base.Dominos constantly strives to develop products that suit the tastes of its customers, thereby bringing out the Wow effect (the smack good factor). Dominos believes voicelessly in the strategy of Think local and act regional. Dominos Pizzas topped with cheese and happiness, Dominos is committed to put an pointless smile on its customers faces with this mission. (Anon., 2010)30 MINUTES AND DOORBELLThe first thing that comes to your mind after hearing HUNGRY KYA (Are you hungry.?) Is of course Dominos? Dominos managed to become the PIZZAS KING of South Asia.Heres how an ordered pizza covers the journey from shop to our home, while chomping our front-runner pizza, we never thought how it always got home within 30 minutes of placing the order on phone? And how time could never beat the friendly delivery boy even by a minute, crushing our free pizza dream? Well, heres why. They do scientific survey of city art to ensure delivery of our pizza within 30 minutes.Revealing how they are able to ensure delivery within half an hour? they prepare master plan to reach the destination within time. They send out their senior managers on hertzs and check high traffic hours and calculate the actual time of delivery, all their employees are duly trained to deliver pizza safely.And snags? Even changes in traffic scenario, like construction of bridges and closing of passengers are taken into account and the schedule is changed accordingly. they are able to deliver pizza within 30 minutes in 99 percent cases, else is give free to the customer. Heres a nonher surprise A few people know that they do not allow an employee to take on the bike at the speed of more than 40 km/ph. Their safety is paramount to them, (Kaul, n.d.)That is why they call the m Safe Delivery Persons (SDP). Informing that they concord 3,000 bikes on the Indian roads for delivering pizza, Slogan before leaving for delivery You shed to drive safe. I also find out that soon every bike leave have a speed control meter to further check SDP.LITERATURE REVIEWMODELSTo find out the market position of Dominos Pizza we should know about the models like SWOT, PESTEL.PORTERS FIVE FORCES which we can applySWOT ANALYSISSWOT Analysis is a strategic planning gibe used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats inside a company, project, or a business venture. It involves identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable/ unfavorable for business to succeed. So it is quatern factors analysis.PESTEL ANALYSISIt is to analyze the broad macro-environment of organizations in terms of these factorsPoliticalEconomicSocialTechnologicalEnvironmental andLegalPORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSISIt is to define the attraction of industries and secto rs for investment and to identify their potential for change.SWOT ANALYSISSTRENGTHDominos have strong service facilities like 30 mins NAHI TO FREE (otherwise FREE) dominos were the first to start the trend of 30 minutes otherwise free that means they will deliver your order within 30 minutes otherwise they will give you for free and they are very honest with this concept as they do what they say but they never let their employees to drive the bike so fast in order to reach before 30 minutes and all the employees have to follow this rule strictly and they reach any prop before 30 minutes. So it has good door step services within half an hour.Low price menu In India Dominos is exhausting to attract the middle class and lower middle class people who are interested to spend their money on pizza but in low price. Those people are eager to go for an outing in any festival and want cheap and best family restaurant. Dominos would be most preferable. They do not need high class ambiences o r amusement in the shop so the establishment cost is low for the dealers and the price of pizza is very reasonable for the customers.Variety of Pizzas Dominos Pizza has a lot of varieties like vegetarian and non-vegetarian. In vegetarian lots of pizzas are available as well as non-vegetarian too. (Adam, 2010)Quality of Pizzas the quality of Dominos Pizza is also very good. The taste of all the pizzas are very yummy.More outlets- Even in smaller towns dominos have its outlets even in the smaller towns its popularity and pizzas are not limited to big cities but small cities also due to which people know it more whether from a metro city or from small city.Quick service at outlets the service at the outlets of dominos is very fast and customers dont have to appreciation for long for their order which makes the brand even better because low price along with good service as a very rare combination. thin offers The Dominos pizza franchise constantly keeps on inventing ways through which it can make a great impact on the fast food market. That is how the fast food franchise came up with Fun meal is four offers. Through this method, the pizza franchise is able to produce more variety in the food delivered to its customers at their door steps. Through its Fun meal for four pack the Dominos pizza India offers four pizzas at the rate of Rs. 180. This means depend on of one pizza will be just Rs. 45. Dominos mainly offers are more attractive for the students and middle class people and they are the main customer which they cigareted. Dominos also regularly introduces sell-in-schemes like promotional schemes for dealers, promotional coupon, festival offers etc. Sometimes they also give great discounts to the customers. (Prasso, 2007)They are strong presence in the market as a brand name they have a very strong presence in the market and through its long presence in the market and continuous loyalty toward the customer providing them a great service at a cheaper rate it really have created a very good reputation and brand name. So it makes Dominos Pizza better than its competitors.WEAKNESSDominos just has delivery outlet but does not have an eating outlet, where the consumers could enjoy themselves. This has provided pizza hut with a competitive edge over Dominos. Dominos also do not have any fixed customer through they are one of the main competitors of the pizza hut. Pizza hut is also an internationally known chain of pizza outlet that entered the Indian market towards the end of the 20th century. Its target audience is basically the youth and the families who like socializing. They are initially targeting only the metropolitan cities as they have positioned themselves as an outlet for rejuvenating lost relationship and socializing as they have an excellence ambience to boost it. Thus pizza hut emphasizes more on the ambience, it provides rather than the product it offer. As far as the price is concerned, pizza hut products start at around Rs 16 0. It is priced much higher thandominos pizzas but they justify it on the basis of the service and the ambience they provide their customer at the outlet. Pizza Huts marketing strategy is basically aimed to make the consumer feel very important. It actually wants the consumer to believe that Pizza Hut is the ultimate outlet for celebrating anything and everything. It has created an ambience to ensure that customers start finding excuse to the outlet. Dominos has a major threat from Pizza Hut in this aspect. With the increasing number of professionals and increased exposure to western style of eating outdoors frequently, Pizza Hut may quickly score over Dominos. In addition the great interiors, the music and the overall service at the pizza hut outlets create an atmosphere which tempts you to cry the place again. So Dominos have to do something to overcome this problem.Leaving aside the local restaurant and a few local brands like Smokin Joes gracias etc, Dominos mainly faces com petition between two players Pizza Hut and Smokin Joes. (Jones, 2008)They dont have dine-in facility they dont have the dine in facility in their outlets that gives its competitors avail over it and because its main competitor pizza hut have this facility and dominos is facing the main competition from pizza hut.Outlets lack blank shell the outlets lack space which creates the problem of limited sitting space for customers and sometimes customers have to handgrip for the seats to be vacant for them.Ambience not up to expectations it is not so successful in creating an environment which reflects its brand and reputation as dominos being a brand should come up with a different belief which influences the customer.No option for birthday parties and corporate lunches instead of being such a big brand in the fast food industry dominos lack the facility of birthday parties or meetings which is a very big weakness as its competitor pizza hut is very good at all these things. (Shreshth a, 2010)OPPORTUNITIESNew restaurant at busy places it should open its reinvigoratedly restaurants at busy and crowded places where it can attract more customers.Capturing the new customer through low price menu it offers a low price menu which is an advantage to it and it should take the proper benefit out of it growing fast food market-scope for expansion fast food market is growing very fast along with the time as the new generation all are very fond of fast food and pizza is on top of the list hence making it a great opportunity for the company to expand its business and make profit. Introduce more varieties it should introduce more varieties of pizzas and add more food items along with the pizza.Bigger outlets it should increase the size of its outlets as its outlets all being smaller than the competitors hence giving less space for customers to sit and enjoy the meal.Take away counters it should include take away counters to its outlets so that people feel more comfortable an d easy to bring back. (Boyer, 2007)THREATSFrom their competitors it is facing a very tough competition from the existing competitor pizza hut as pizza hut have some of the better facilities with it is regarded better than dominos and hence really affects the market of it distributing the consumers.Pizza hut main competitive advantage over dominos is dine-in facility the main competitor pizza hut has a unique dine in facility that makes it different and much better than dominos.Emergence of Papa Johns Worlds Pizza makers new entrants entering the market are coming as a big threat for dominos as it is facing a hyper competition situation from pizza hut and it this scenario a new entrant can make the situation worse and make it loose market. fall in quality and variety of competitors dominos being a low price pizza seller than its competitors that gives it an advantage but at the same time the variety in quality can be seen and that makes the difference.No take away counters for pizz as doesnt have any take away counters which in turn harms its own market and the consumers coming to it. (Jones, 2008)PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSISAnalyzing the above using the five forces framework we can see that in the above discussion it is stated clearly that the threats of new entrants is quite high and a no of new competitors are entering into the market like the papa johns and the pizza being an all time ducky of humans everyone knows that its profitable to invest in it and hence can enter in the market with high hopes.We can also see that it is in a hyper competitive situation with its existing competitor pizza hut. And Smokin Joes also giving a tough time to it hence making the situation even unenviable due to which we can say that the threat of rivalry within the industry is too high.We also know that pizza being an all time favorite for people its very normal that instead of going to dominos pizza they can switch to any nearby confectionary or bakery in order to enjoy p izza and hence can harm the business of dominos because a lot of time people prefer not to order and wait for the delivery to come or waste so much of time going there and prefer to go and buy the cheaper pizza from the nearby confectionary or shop which taste same or sometimes better. Hence we can see that Dominos faces threat of substitute products and can be affected from it not so highly but still will have medium affects.RECOMMENDATIONThe dining conditions have to be changed drastically if Dominos have to target the Premium segment of customers. They are way behind Pizza Hut in the dining experience. Some of the Dominos Restaurants lack even basic amenities. out-of-pocket to this a condition can occur where customers judge the quality and taste of the Pizza with respect to the restaurant environment and ambience. Thus to have a greater market share and tap premium segment of the market, Dominos can provide good quality restaurants. There should also be provision for music, TVs , kids partition off etc in the restaurant. By doing this they can even charge a little bit more on the food items.CONCLUSIONThis assignment is based on Indian pizza market. Now in global market where they are stand in recent scenario. The main objective is increasing the number of customer base of Dominos Pizzas. This also has talked about the entry of various giants in Indian pizza industry. It has touched various aspect of pizza industry such as product line, comparison, strategy, competition, etcDominos pizza industry is purely based on home delivery service industry. Dominos is the current market leader in India, but may soon face very tough competition from both McDonald and pizza hut. So to improve their brand image and consolidate their position in the market, they need to take up some innovative approach very soon. Special area of dominos is home delivery 30 mins concept, using this punch line they grow their business in various segment like opening dine-in facility, all o ver the India. , Also starting the new restaurant with new innovative products as well as opening the new segment for Dominos pizza.

History of the Atomic Bomb

History of the nuclear BombAround the world, on that point is a line whether Americas choice of dropping of the atomic conk outs on Japan was moral or immoral. The horrific pelting at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, two important cities in Japan, helped end the piece World fightfare. America had hatred towards Japan because they assailed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941, which was the last straw before America entered the war. Harry S. Truman, the f either in States thirty-third professorship, gave federal agency to bomb the two cities, in hopes of ending the war. America bombed Hiroshima with shrimpy Boy, the name of the bomb, on August 6, 1945, at 816 in the morning. The bombing of Nagasaki happened on August 9, 1945, at 1102 in the morning. The bomb utilize in this bang was named Fat Man. During the years of World War II, 1939-45, Hiroshima was the headquarters of the Second regular army of Japan and Chugoku Regional Army. Nagasaki, on the other hand, was a major se aport. Killing 220,000 the great unwashed between the two bombs, the explosions were the most lethal bombings ever. The Allies, an alliance between Italy, France, the United Kingdom and the United States, demonstrated their eldest signs of bombing Japan during the Tokyo fire bombings. Killing several 100,000 nation during the first few months of the firebombing caused a higher(prenominal) death toll than both atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Those two atomic bombs killed less mountain. Nonetheless, the atomic bombs caused a quick, devastating catastrophe that would affect Nipponese lives for decades. The atomic bomb has its pros and cons, which allows the world to think if it was worth all the effects to end this deadly war.Albert Einstein, a German physicist who came up with the theory of relativity, thought of the idea of the atomic bomb with other noted physicists. In the beginning of World War II, Fritz Strassmann and Otto Hahn, German physicists, thought of splitt ing uranium atoms by nuclear fission. Later in the war, a group of American scientists began The Manhattan Project, formally known as The Manhattan Engineer District. General Leslie Groves led the project and the scientific research department managed by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, known as The Father of the Atomic Bomb. The experiment created atomic bombs, which were funded by the Americans, Canadians, and the British. The Manhattan Project had four laboratories where they created bombs. The locations were Richland, Washington, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Chalk River, Ontario, Canada. Shockingly, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the thirty-second president of the United States, kept the takings of the bombs a secret from Congress and the public during World War II. In fact, Truman figured out slightly this project when he was sworn into his presidency. The scientists created three bombs, the Gadget, Little Boy and Fat Man. The Gadget was a similar type of bom b as the Fat Man however, the scientists were unsure if either of this type of bomb would work. The test, called leash, conducted to puff the Gadget in New Mexico on July 16, 1945, at 530 in the morning. Every scientist was thrilled by the success of the bomb, and citizens one hundred miles departed from the testing location could feel and see the bright light from the explosion. Astonishingly, a blind girl saw the flash up 120 miles away (Bellis). The Trinity was the green light that the bombs were usable. They would be used three weeks later in Japan.On August 6, Colonel Paul Tibbets flew the B-29 Enola Gay, named after Tibbets mother. The B-29 was a type of plane flown in World War II and the Korean War. Taking off at the United States base in Tinian, which is an island outside of Japan, the Enola Gay left with Little Boy. flitting 26,000 feet above Hiroshima, Tibbets cc rew dropped the bomb, which ignited a few thousand feet above ground (1945 Atom bomb hits Nagasaki). The crew put on their safety look immediately, turned away from the mushroom shaped explosion, and returned home safely. Three days later, Major Charles W. Sweeney flew the B-29 named Bockscar, which is a pun on boxcar and after Frederick C. Bock the Commander of the plane. At 1102, the crew dropped Fat Man with a parachute attached, because this bomb was much heavier than Little Boy and it would hit the ground quicker. The American plane valued to be as far away from the explosion as possible in order to ensure their safety. The bomb exploded 1,625 feet above ground and it sunk Nagasaki almost instantly (1945 Atom bomb hits Nagasaki). The two atomic bombs still frightens people today because they can destroy a city instantly, and the pilots that dropped the bombs would not be harmed. Furthermore, the city that was attacked would be too wounded to rebel.Truman fateed to end the war immediately because many American soldiers died and he feared of losing more lives. The war was slowin g downhearted and Germany, a country of the Axis Powers that opposed the Allies Powers, surrendered on May 7, 1945. They surrendered because the Soviet Army was coming from the East, and the Americans were assail from the west. The Armies would eventually trap Germany and attack. Furthermore, the Nazi leadership, controlled by Adolf Hitler, knew the war was over. Hitler realized his defeat and was afraid of other countries capturing him, which caused him to commit suicide and the other Nazi leaders surrendered. Japan was the last country to surrender, which bothered the building block world, because every country wanted the war to end.The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki saved many American and Japanese lives. A few months before the nuclear attack, the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa occurred, which the Japanese fought to their death for honor. In these two battles, the casualties totaled to 128,375 people (US Troops in Action). However, the American casualties were 84,525 peo ple (US Troops in Action), which is take inably less people. If Japan keep fighting, America was planning to invade Japans Island of Kyushu in November of 1945. This attack would cause 20,000 more dead Americans (Cooper). Since Japan did not know how many atomic bombs the United States possessed, they were scare that more bombs would attack them. Five days after the bombing of Nagasaki, the Japanese agreed to an stark(prenominal) surrender that ended the war. This event saved thousands of Japanese and American soldiers lives.If Japan did not surrender after the two atomic bombs strike, America was planning to invade Japan in the fall. Furthermore, many European countries were developing an attack in the spring. In October 1944, the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in World War II, destroyed the Japanese Navy. Since Japan had a devastated Navy, their ports were unprotected. therefore, they had a shortage of provender because they did not get any imported. Their po pulation was suffering because their food was mostly being distributed to the troops. The Japanese people were having trouble holding their dignity, because of their hunger, and The Allies from many angles were attacking them. Once Little Boy and Fat Man exploded, the Japanese did not know how many more atomic bombs America obtained. They feared that one airplane could fly front by dropping a bomb killing thousands and not be affected by the blast. Though the fire bombings of Tokyo killed more people over a longer period, the Japanese were apprehensive that there would be more atomic bombings killing their citizens in a shorter period. The amount of casualties suffered by the Japanese was appalling. There were 150,000 casualties at Hiroshima and approximately half were killed instantly (Effects of the Atomic Bomb). At Nagasaki 35,000 people were killed. Around xx to thirty percent of deaths were caused by flash burns, fifteen to twenty percent of radiation sickness and fifty to s ixty percent died of other related injuries (Effects of the Atomic Bomb). Sadly, the Japanese citizens had no warning of these brutal attacks. They were going about their daily tasks, when a bright, sudden flash would permanently devastate their lives. Many of the civilians would never see their families again. Since the people had no warning of the attack, they were unable to find harbor or stay behind with their loved ones. The surprise of the atomic bombs killed many people instantly during their daily routines.The lucky died instantly from the blast. Otherwise, they could have suffered radiation poisoning. Surprisingly, there was more radiation poisoning in Hiroshima than Nagasaki, because they were different types of bombs. The s ickness from radiation came in many forms including diarrhea, vomiting, impulsive hemorrhaging, blurring of the eye lens, and temporary infertility in boys, intensive burns, blood cell irregularity, fevers, depression, fatigue, and hair loss (Anhalt). Furthermore, many people got infections in their wounds because radiation lowers the immune system. Since many of the doctors were injured or died from the bomb, the hospitals in Hiroshima opened volt days later for patients. This wait cost many people their lives that had a chance of recuperating. Some statistics from Hiroshima and Nagasaki estimates that ninety to one-hundred percent of all losses happened within the first two weeks (Solomon 270). In addition, the Japanese police records says that half of the people who were severely injured died by the sixth day an superfluous twenty-five percent past by day twelve, and ninety percent of all deaths caused by the bombings happened before forty days (Solomon 270). Another long-term effect of the atomic bombs was crabmeat. Doctors were realizing that people were maturement more tumors after the bombs struck. However, the radiation did not cause the tumors, yet it enhanced the tumor growth (Solomon 331). On the other hand, leuke mia, cancer of the blood, was another type of cancer that increased after the bombing. The higher rate of leukemia was the longest seen side effect for the Japanese people. However, since tumors are not present in this type of cancer, many people died without knowing they had this disease. Radiation poisoning causes a horrendous death.Many years following the bombing, babies were suffering from birth defects. The radiation mutated the DNA, which is the genetic instruction for all alert organisms, causing the DNA to cut at places and rejoin at others. This would change the code of the DNA, which would increase birth defects and the same(p)lihood of cancer. Three years after the bombing, the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) demanded that all pregnant women in their fifth month tell the government (Neel 3). The Japanese government would give the pregnant women additional supplements rather than the supplements they obtained before. In fact, all Japanese citizens had to take vit amins after the bombing to improve their health. This investigation allowed the ABCC to be aware out of the 76,626 births occurring over this six-year period, statistics of feasibility, birth defects, physical body of infant deaths, gender, and birth-weight (Anhalt). After the six years of testing was over, the government ended the study because of the lack of evidence. However, the government did say that the information documented should be used for further study in the future. TToday, the infant mortality rate is lower than it was right after the bombings, it is believed that the remains of radiation are gone (Y).The two atomic bombs were unnecessary instead, America should have shown the Japanese a video of the testing of the Gadget. Truman could have threatened Japan by saying that if they do not surrender, bombs like the one shown would decimate their cities. However, he would not announce the number of bombs that America had produced. If the Japanese did not believe him, Tru man could have showed them pictures of the bombs already made and tell them a time frame for the possible bombings. However, this would just be a threat and America would never bomb Japan. The Japanese government would become worried and would consider surrendering. Though the most important thing to the Japanese was honor, there could have been a more civilized way of ending the war. Instead of forcing Japan to an unconditional surrender, the countries should have made a truce. This would have saved many more lives and been the peaceful way of solving the issue. Furthermore, Truman could have been more sympathetic to the Japanese by realizing the amount of casualties and the long-term effects of the bombing. It is a shame that devoid families died in a war that they did not favor. Families never had a chance to say goodishbye to their loved ones because they had no warning. People were minding their own business in the street and were suddenly killed. Children were wondering the streets looking for their families and coming across their scorched mother or father dead on the pavement. These types of memories will always be imprinted in their brains. This same type of situation happened in Pearl Harbor. Nonetheless, the Americans that lost their families would not want anyone else to deal with the situation either. Anyways, two contemptible actions do not cancel each other out and make everything fine. No one needs to weary this agony, including your enemy.Truman would not back down to the Japanese, and forced an unconditional surrender, which entails no promises to the surrendering faction. In fact, Truman said that he always intended using the bomb by saying, I regarded the bomb as a military weapon and never had any doubt that it should be used (The Atomic Bomb and Japans Surrender The Great WWII Debate). forwards the bombing of Japan, the Potsdam Declaration, also known as The Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was written. This docum ent was an agreement between Truman, United Kingdoms Prime Minister Churchill, and Chinas president Chaing Kai-shek. One of the points said, We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction (Truman). This point means that if Japan is unwilling to surrender unconditionally, the three countries snarled in the declaration will bomb Japan until it would not exist anymore. Since Japan did not surrender, America dropped the bomb. On August 14, after witnessing his distressed country, Japans emperor butterfly Hirohito pronounced their surrender. Truman was pleased with the results of the bombing, because he achieved what he wanted, an end to the war.Approval of the atomic bombing is debated by its pros and cons. A poll was taken and it showed that seventy-three percent of people over the a ge of fifty-five approved the bombing (Christoffersen). Furthermore, Peter A. Brown, assistant director of the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute, stated, Support drops with age, from the generation that grew up with the nuclear fear of the Cold War to the youngest voters, who know less about World War II or the Cold War (Christoffersen). This means younger people are less promising to approve of the use of the atomic bombs. They did not have to live through the drills in school. The drills in school consisted of the children climbing under their desk while protecting their heads. However, people do not believe these drills would help anymore, because there would be no warning for the bombs, the explosion would be too powerful, and the desk would become useless. Religion, political views and race all had an effect on their beliefs on the bombing too, since all of those categories educate peoples morals (Christoffersen).People will always support or oppose the atomic bomb becau se of the deaths and affects it caused to end the frightful war. On August 6 and August 9, 1945, the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki occurred, respectively. Though the bombing ended the war almost immediately, the Japanese were suffering from total war and they were unaware of how many more bombs were to come. Additionally, the Japanese were unable to find shelter or say goodbye to their loved ones. In addition, Japan lost thousands of innocent civilians by a huge explosion that shocked them caused by an atomic bomb. These bombs saved countless American lives but destroyed hundreds of thousands of Japanese, whether they died immediately or suffered from its unrelenting effect. Many people think there could have been a civil way of negotiating with the Japanese to save more lives and end the war quicker. Though it was a wakeup call for the Japanese, a threat could have been just as satisfying. However, the future could not be predicted and everyone should interpret and learn from history, so the remorseful events are never repeated. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki will never be justified and forever will be debated.

Causes of Construction Delays

Causes of Construction hampersThis chapter take ins an idea of what construction tall(a)ys atomic number 18, how are they specify and what are their eccentrics and comparison of them. agrees can be seen otherwisewise from different point of views. Causes of delays and categorization of them in unhomogeneous international contexts are also discussed.2.2 DEFINING CONSTRUCTION DELAYA lot of work has been through before on construction delays and every author came up with his/her own definition.Assaf and Hejji defined delay as Time overrun either beyond consummation date specified in a contract, or beyond the date that the parties agreed upon for delivery of a bulge out slipping over its planned schedule. (Assaf, Hejji, 2006)Stumpf defined delay as Act or event that extends the m required to perform a childbed under a contract. It usually shows up as additional days of work or as delayed start of an activity. (Stumpf, 2000). And many similar definitions were given.Therefore construction delays can be considered as eon lag in uttermost of activities from a fixed time as per contract or they can be defined as late completion or late start of activities to the planned schedule or contract schedule. When compute delay occurs it means project cannot be completed within give tongue to time, which means there go out be extensions of time required which will further result in fine, increased cost callable to inflation, termination of contract, flirt cases and so on or combinations of above stated factors. hold back can be seen as run a risk for the project and could be handled at inception form or at least one can try to mitigate or minimize it. Risk is an integral part of a construction project it is swell up known that no project is risk free. If risk is analysed at inception or planning stage it could be managed, minimized, shared, mitigated or accepted to give some good results. Delay can be considered similar to risk or a type of risk as no co nstruction project is free from delays, delay is also integrated part of construction projects. It depends on size of project as well. Therefore it is expected to analyse and manage delay in same fashion as risk.Delays are often result of a mismanaged event which must contrive been managed in a systematic go so as to analyse the effect of that event on the project and how to minimize chances of further delay. (Keane, Caletka, 2008).2.3 CATEGORIZATION AND TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION DELAYSBefore getting on types of assorted construction delays there is a study categorisation which is required to be understood. Construction delays can be delayed in some major groups as listed below.El-Saadi (1998) categorized delay in four major groups.Critical or Non criticalExcusable or Non ExcusableCompensable or Non Compensable co-occurrent or Non concurrentAlkaas S., Mazerolle M. and Harris F. (1996) and Ahmed S.M. et al gave future(a) categorizationsExcusable DelaysExcusable compensable delaysExc usable noncompensable delaysNon minor delaysConcurrent delaysFig. 2.1 Classification of delay based on their various attributes. Nuhu Braimah (2008)To get through objectives of this dissertation and to consider delay as risk it is necessary to know about these types of delays and as per categorization in what category they lie. This basic knowledge helps in moving forward and determining strategies to mitigate these risks. instantaneously in this part we will discuss these types of delay in detail2.3.1 CRITICAL AND NON CRITICALIn simple words Critical delays are those which cause delay to entire project completion date while Non critical delays not necessarily pertain the project completion date but affects progress. In all the projects delays are considered at the project completion date. Delays can be combination of small and huge delays that occurred during the whole project. Therefore critical delays are taken more into consideration then noncritical delays.2.3.2 EXCUSABLE D ELAYSExcusable Delays occurs due to events which are outside the conceal of asserter like heavy rains, storms, strikes, fire, client suggested changes, differing spot conditions, change of government policy or their intervention, stakeholder intervention etc.Alkass S. et al (1996) says that when there are excusable delays, declarer is entitled to time extension in case date of completion is extended. such(prenominal) delays can also affect non critical activities which must be considered with more detailed analysis or adjustment of float time.Excusable delays can be further classified in compensable and noncompensable delays.2.3.2.1 EXCUSABLE stipendiary DELAYSAs name suggests excusable compensable delays are those in which avower is entitled for extra payment (compensation) i.e. monetary compensation and time extension as well. But decision that a delay is compensable or noncompensable is taken as per contract between client and contractor. Natural disasters or some reasons which are out of control are not considered. Example of such delay could be that client doesnt allow access to commit even aft(prenominal) notice to proceed is given other such delays which are due to client are compensable.2.3.2.2 EXCUSABLE NONCOMPENSABLE DELAYSSuch delays are such where both contractor and client are not responsible for delay. Under such circumstances only time extensions are granted and no monetary compensation is provided. Such delays let in act of God.2.3.3 NON EXCUSABLE DELAYSAs name suggests these delays are such that they dont have any vindication or no excuse can be given for them. They arise due to carelessness or actions and inactions of contractors and subcontractors. For such delays no time extensions and monetary compensation is given to contractor if it has moved(p) whole duration of project. In such cases client is liable to get liquidated damages. Example of such delay could be constructing something wrong which is not given in drawings, not com pleting work on time, improper resource allocation etc.2.3.4 CONCURRENT DELAYSThis is the most complex categorization of delay as it consists of twain or more kind of delays regardless of their type which occurs at same time or overlaps some duration together. It is necessary to find out what type has caused overall delay in project completion. Therefore different factors like time of occurrence of delay, duration of delay, impact of them, float ownership etc. have to be considered carefully.Alkass et al (1996) said that Concurrent delays which contains two or more excusable delays results in time extension. When compensable and nonexcusable delays are concurrent a time extension can be given or delay can be distributed between client and contractor.2.4 CAUSES OF CONSTRUCTION DELAYSIn section 2.3, categorisation of delays was discussed. Now in this section will deal with causes of delays. Lot of work has been done on understanding causes of delays. The two major categorization of d elay causes one is inner(a) Cause another is out-of-door Cause. inwrought cause includes delays caused by parties involved in construction project like Client, contractor, Designer, Consultant these are four major parties then Subcontractors, material suppliers etc. comes. From external factors it includes act of God, strikes, stakeholders dissatisfaction etc.Assaf and Hejji (2006) reflected various causes of delays which occur in large construction projects. They had a field cartoon of 23 contractors, 19 consultants, and 15 owners and found out and reflected on 73 causes of delays under eight different groups. All those 73 factors are given in table below.NO.CAUSES OF DELAYGROUP1Original contract duration is too short. regurgitate2Legal disputes b/w various parties. be after3 unequal to(predicate) definition of substantial completion.Project4In effective delay penalties.Project5Type of construction contracts.Project6Type of project bidding and awardProject7Delay in progress pay ment by owner.proprietor8Delay to furnish and deliver the site to contractor by the owner.Owner9Change orders by owner during construction.Owner10Late in revise and approving human body documents by ownerOwner11Delay in approving shop drawings and sample materialsOwner12 unequal discourse and co-ordination by owner and other partiesOwner13Slowness is decision making process by ownerOwner14Conflicts between vocalize ownership of the projectOwner15inaccessibility of incentives for contractors for finishing ahead of scheduleOwner16Suspension of work by ownerOwner17Difficulties in financing project by contractor.Contractor18Conflicts in subcontractors schedule in execution of projectContractor19 remold due to errors during construction.Contractor20Poor site prudence and supervision by contractorContractor21Poor communication and co-ordination by contractor with other partiesContractor22Ineffective planning and scheduling of project by contractorContractor23Improper construction me thods implemented by contractor.Contractor24Delays in subcontractors workContractor25Conflicts between contractor and other partiesContractor26Inadequate contractors work.Contractor27 public change of subcontractors due to their insufficient work.Contractor28Poor qualification of the contractors technical staffContractor29Delay in site mobilization.Contractor30Delay in performing inspection and testing by consultantConsultant31Delay in approving major changes in the scope of work by consultantConsultant32Inflexibility (rigidity) of consultantConsultant33Poor communication and co-ordination by consultant with other partiesConsultant34Late in reviewing and approving design documents by consultantsConsultant35Conflicts between consultant and design engineer.Consultant36Inadequate experience of dsigner.Consultant37Mistakes and discrepancies in design documentsDesign38Delays in producing design documentsDesign39Unclear and inadequate details in drawingsDesign40Complexity of project desig nDesign41Insufficient data collection and survey before designDesign42Misunderstanding of owners requirement by design engineer.Design43Inadequate design team experienceDesign44Un-use of good engineering design software.Design45 famine of construction materials in markethooey46Changes in material types and specification during constructionMaterial47Detail in material delivery.Material48Damage of sorted material while they are needed urgently.Material49Delay in manufacturing special building materialMaterial50Late procurement of materialsMaterial51Late in selection of finishing materials due to availability of many types in marketMaterial52Equipment break follow outsEquipment53Shortage of equipmentEquipment54 baseborn level of equipment-operators skillEquipment55 number one productivity and efficiency of equipmentEquipment56Lack of high technology mechanical equipmentEquipment57Shortage of laboursLabours58Unqualified workforceLabours59Nationality of laboursLabours60Low productivity level of laboursLabours61Personal conflict among laboursLabours62Effects of subsurface conditionsExternal63Delay in obtaining permit from governmentExternal64Hot weather effects on construction activitiesExternal65Rain effect on construction activitiesExternal66Unavailability of utilities in siteExternal67Effect of social and cultural factorsExternal68Traffic control and restriction at job siteExternal69Accident during constructionExternal70Differing site conditionsExternal71Changes in government regulations and lawsExternal72Delay in providing services from utilitiesExternal73Delay in performing final inspection and certification by a third partyExternal parry 2.1 Causes of delays as per group Assaf and Hejji (2006)Their work gave a broad view over construction delays and their causes. Though their classification is quite broad, but it gives a more sharpness to various causes.Odeh AM and Battaineh HT (2002) presented following 8 major groups of construction delay.Client relate t o factors which include finance, payment of billed work, interference in work, slow decision making etc.Contractor related factors include site management, improper planning, insufficient experience, improper construction methods, insufficient and unskilled work force etc.Consultant related factors include contract management, improper drawings, approval of drawings, tests at site etc.Material related factors include availability, quality and paucity.Labor and equipment factors include supply, productivity, equipment availability, failure etc.Contract factors include changed orders and mistakes and disagreements in document.Contractual relationship factors includes, disputes, negotiation, improper management of information system, improper work breakdown structure and task responsibility matrix.External factors like act of god, strikes, accidents etc.Most of the work done in field of causes of delays reflects similar causes of delays and 8 major groups. They all gave recommendation s related to these factors but very few scholars suggested to forebode delay in planning stage. Khalil and Ghaftly (1999) said delay is important issue. In order to manage it more properly and to mitigate them deep investigation to this area is needed. Having idea of frequency, extent and responsibility of delay can provide insights of early planning to control these factors and improve project performance.2.5 PERSPECTIVE FROM DIFFERENT COUNTRIESWork from Chan and Kumaraswamy (2002) from Hong Kong industry gives four major causes of delay in Hong Kong industry which are as followsProject scopeProject complexnessProject EnvironmentManagement related attributesThe above four factors were studied with their constituent casual factors to gain more insight and understanding of their significance. They were summarized in following figureFigure 2.3 Summary of principal factors affecting construction durations of projectsHe gave another table comparing factors causing delay in constructio n projects in various economies. It gives an overview of common factors in these economies. It gives a clear understanding of various countries at once.Factors Causing DelayCountries where survey was conductedUSUKDEVELOPING COUNTRIESTURKEYNIGERIA Saudi ARABIAHONG KONGINDONESIAInclement weather*****Labour shortage/ Low labour productivity***Poor subcontractors performance****Variations (design change/ extra work)*****Unforeseen ground conditions**Materials shortage/ late material delivery***Inadequate construction planning***Financial difficulties***Delays in design work/Lack of design information*Poor site management****Impractical design*Poor communication**Inappropriate type of contract used*Lack of designers experience*Inaccurate estimating*** display board 2.2 Source Chan and Kumarswamy (2001)Ogunlana and Promkuntong studied and compared construction industry of Thailand and other economies. Study involved delays experienced in the High Rise Building construction projects in Ban gkok, Thailand. match to them Resource supply problem were most acute problems of the construction industry in boom years. Project suffered delays due to inadequate supply of cement, technical force out were overstretched, and demands from owners to do frequent changes etc. are the major causes for delay in developing economy.Sabasivan and Soon (2007) conducted study of causes of delay in Malaysian construction industry. They conducted a survey and 150 participants were involved. They came up with 10 most important causes of delay which are as followsImproper planning of contractor.Poor site management from contractorInadequate experience of contractorImproper payments and finance from clientSubcontractors problemMaterial shortageLabour supplyFailure and availability of equipmentImproper management information systemMistakes during construction stage.COUNTRYRESEARCHERSMAJOR CAUSES OF DELAYSSaudi ArabiaAssaf et alSlow preparation and approval of shop drawingsDelays in payments to c ontractorsChanges in design/design errorShortages of labour supplyPoor workmanshipLebanonMezher et alOwner had more concerns with regard to financial issuesContractors regarded contractual relationships the most importantConsultants considered project management issues to be the most important causes of delaySaudi ArabiaAl-khal and Al-GhaflyCash flow problems/financial difficultiesDifficulties in obtaining permitslowest bid win first? systemJordanAl-MoumaniPoor designChanges in orders/designWeatherUnforeseen site conditionLate deliveriesKuwaitKoushki et alChanging ordersOwners financial constraintsOwners overleap of experience in the construction businessUAEFaridi and El-SayeghSlow preparation and approval of drawingsInadequate early planning of projectSlow decision making of ownersShortage of manpowerPoor site management and supervisionLow productivity of manpowerSaudi ArabiaAssaf and Al-HejjiChange in orders by the owner during constructionDelay in progress paymentIneffective pla nning and schedulingShortage of labourDifficulties in financing on the part of contractor.Hong KongChan and KumaraswamyProject scopeProject complexityProject environmentManagement related attributesFloridaAhmed and AzharDesign relatedConstruction relatedFinancial/economicalManagement/ AdministrativeCode relatedActs of GodTable 2.3 Summary of previous studies of the causes of delay in construction project some data from above table is taken from Sweis et al (2008)2.6 abridgmentA total of 73 factors and 8 major groups of causes of construction delays were identified through intensive literature reviews in order to consider maximum factors. These factors will be helpful in data analysis so as to forecast delay at planning stage and treat it as risk so that risk management methodologies can be implemented to delay so as to mitigate and minimizing it.These eight major categories can be brought down as shown in figure.Fig 2.4 Classification of delay groups.All major 8 groups can be broug ht down to 2 major groups which are Internal and external causes. Internal is further subdivided in owner, consultant, contractor and resources. Resources are further subdivided in Material, equipment and labour.Overall if we need to classify groups for the causes of delay 5 major groups covers all 73 factors they are Owner, Contractor, Consultant, Resources and External.These causes and classification will help us to rank and treat delay as a risk at planning stage so as remedial measures can be applied. Though in spite of all studies and delay causes know till now it is hard to forecast delay because its very unpredictable, we cant analyse frequency of delay due to some reason in a project. Sometimes external causes are so dominating that co-ordination of internal groups get disturbed and project faces delay.

The Influence Of Green Groups On The Policy Of The United States :: essays research papers

The Influence of Green Groups on the Policy of the joined StatesAbstract This research examines the relationship between environmental groupsand the policies of the United States. The United States political system hasbeen historically anthropocen-tric, or humans centered. Environmental groupshave been attempting to modification this to a biocentric or ecocentric viewpoint,which includes the rights of animals and the environment. These views arenature centered instead of human centered. This study will answer the questionof whether these groups have been effective at altering United States policies.This will be d whizz through the study of views offered by both sides. Also, asurvey will be used to determine whether congressmen views are consistent withenvironmentalist views. It will also present whether policy change has comenplace, and if these changes have remained intact through the study of pastcongressional decisions.Research Problem1. Research QuestionHave environmental gro ups strategies been successful at altering the policiesof the United States?2. Rational for the ResearchThis research will help environmental groups to identify the effectiveness oftheir strategies. This is necessary for these groups to effectively alter thepolicies of the United States, which is one of the largest polluters in theworld. If their strategies are ineffective then it will be necessary for them toreassess their methods. Without the use productive methods these groups willnot be able to hold dear the environment. Animals, plants and the entireecosystem must(prenominal) have the same protection as humans have. An ecocentric viewpointestablishes the right of the environment to have legal standing. This givespeople the ability to have got the right of an animal to exist with the samerights as humans. Without this protection, people will be just as negativelyaffected as the environment. The earth must be thought of as a living organism,if one part is hurt then the whole p lanet will feel the effects. Unfortunately,business and governments take the stance that the earth is more like a machine.That is, at times if a part is hurt it can be repaired, without it effecting thewhole system.Literature retrospectThe literature on environmental groups and their influence and activities isvast. Several themes concerning the groups influence in changing UnitedStates policy exist. The American Psychological Association has done studies onecocentric and anthropocentric attitudes (Thomas, 1994). Ecocentric values havearisen recently as environmental problems have come to the publics attention.Anthropocentric values have existed much longer. They have become commit into our political and economic system.The movement toward environmental awareness arose in the political activism inthe 60s. Although these values have recently been declining according to

Irony in The Most Dangerous Game and The Cask of Amontillado :: Richard Connell Edgar Allen Poe

mockery in Richard Connells The Most risky Game and The bbl of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe Irony is used in writing to add new interest to a seemingly ordinary subject. Richard Connells The Most touch-and-go Game and The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe use irony throughout their stories, creating unique works. To recognize Irony, you must first understand it, then you can see how it is used in these two works. Irony is a word with many meanings aside from what we often think of as irony.Irony is defined as the contrast between what is said and what is meant or what happens and what we olfaction should happen. There are three main types of irony. Verbal irony is when what is said is the opposite of what is meant, as in sarcasm. Situational irony is when an event is the opposite of what would ordinarily occur. melodramatic irony is when the reader or audience knows something that the characters do not know. There are many examples of all three types of irony in The Mo st Dangerous Game and The Cask of Amontillado.The Most Dangerous Game and The Cask of Amontillado use irony as major parts of their plots. The entire premise of The Most Dangerous Game is situational irony. Usually hunters would hunt animals, but in this story the Antagonist, General Zaroff, hunts men a quarry that is far from ordinary. Dramatic irony occurs throughout the Cask of Amontillado, and adds a whole new dimension to the storys plot. The reader knows that Montresseur, the main character, intends to murder Fortunato, the antagonist, while Fortunato is oblivious to the impending danger. This situation also creates a sort of vocal irony. Some of Montresseurs statements seem innocent, casual conversation, but once his vengeful intent is considered, they take on a whole new meaning. For example, wen Montresseur tells Fortunato his family motto No One Injuries Me Without Punishment it seems an friendly comment, but considering that he is about to murder his companion for reven ge, it becomes a warning of impending danger. These uses of irony demonstrate the many ship canal in which irony can be used.